Voiced velar fricative
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ɣ | |
Image
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IPA number
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141
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Entity (decimal)
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& # 611; (without spaces)
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Unicode (hex)
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U+0263
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X-SAMPA
|
G
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Kirshenbaum
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Q
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Sound
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This page contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols rather than Unicode characters. |
The voiced velar fricative is a type of consonantal used in several spoken languages. It does not appear in modern English, but it did exist in Old English. The symbol used by the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) that represents this sound is ɣ (known as Latin gamma, a variant of the Greek gamma (γ) which is used for this sound in Modern Greek), and its X-SAMPA equivalent is G. The symbol, ɣ is also used to represent the velar approximant, though it is more accurately written with the lowering diacritic: [ɣ̞] or [ɣ˕]. The IPA also provides a dedicated symbol for a velar approximant, [ɰ], though there may be stylistic reasons to not use it in phonetic transcription. The character used is graphically similar to ɤ, which is used to represent a close-mid back unrounded vowel.
Features[]
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- Its manner of articulation is fricative, meaning the sound is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, which causes turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is velar, meaning it is articulated with the back of the tongue at the soft palate.
- The phonation is voiced, meaning the vocal cords vibrate during articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, meaning that air is only allowed to escape through the mouth.
- It is a central consonant, meaning the sound is produced by directing the airstream down the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, meaning it is articulated by pushing air only with the lungs and diaphragm, as it is with most sounds.
Occurences[]
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Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alekano | gamó | [ɣɑmɤʔ] | 'cucumber' | ||
Aleut | agiitalix | [aɣiːtalix] | 'with' | ||
Angor | ranih |
[ɾɑniɣə] | 'brother' | ||
Angas | γür | [ɣyr] | 'to pick up' | ||
Arabic | غرفة | [ˈɣurfɐ] | 'room' | May be post-velar or uvular depending on dialect. See Arabic phonology | |
Azerbaijani | ağac | [aɣadʒ] | 'tree' | ||
Berber | aghilas | [aɣilas] | 'leopard' | ||
Catalan[1] | figuera | [fiˈɣeɾə] | 'fig tree' | Allophone of /ɡ/. See Catalan phonology | |
Chechen | гӀала/ġala | [ɣaːla] | 'town' | ||
Dinka | ɣo | [ɣo] | 'us' | ||
Dutch | gaan | [ɣaːn] (help·info) | 'to go' | More common in northern dialects.[2] See Dutch phonology | |
English | Scottish[citation needed] | ghost | [ɣoʊst] | 'ghost' | Corresponds to /ɡ/ in other dialects. See English phonology |
Georgian[3] | ღარიბი | [ɣɑribi] | 'poor' | May actually be post-velar or uvular | |
Gujarati | વાઘણ | [ʋɑ̤̈ɣəɽ̃] | 'tigress' | See Gujarati phonology | |
Ghari | cheghe | [tʃeɣe] | 'five' | ||
Greek | γάλα/gála | [ˈɣala] | 'milk' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
Gweno | [ndeɣe] | 'bird' | |||
Gwich’in | videeghàn | [viteːɣân] | 'his/her chest' | ||
Hän | dëgëghor | [təkəɣor] | 'I am playing.' | ||
Hindi | ग़रीब | [ɣəriːb] | 'poor' | See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
Irish | dhorn | [ɣoːɾˠn̪ˠ] | 'fist' | See Irish phonology | |
Iwaidja | [mulaɣa] | 'hermit crab' | |||
Japanese[4] | はげ | [haɣe] | 'baldness' | Allophone of /ɡ/, especially in fast and/or casual speech. See Japanese phonology | |
Navajo | ’aghá | [ʔaɣa] | 'best' | ||
Ngwe | Mmockngie dialect | [nøɣə̀] | 'sun' | ||
Occitan | Gascon | digoc | [diˈɣuk] | 'said (3sg.)' | |
Pashto | غاتر | [ɣɑtər] | 'mule' | ||
Persian | کاغذ | [kɒɣæz] | 'paper' | See Persian phonology | |
Polish | niechże | [ɲeɣʐɛ] | 'suppose' | See Polish phonology | |
Portuguese | European[5] | agora | [ɐˈɣɔɾɐ] | 'now' | Allophone of /ɡ/ in northern and central dialects.[6] See Portuguese phonology |
Some Brazilian dialects[7] | carro | [ˈkaɣu] | 'car' | Rhotic consonant | |
Northern Qiang | ? | [ɣnəʂ] | 'February' | ||
Romani | Lithuanian | γoines | [ɣoines] | 'good' | |
Romanian | Dobrudja | vin | [ɣin] | 'wine' | Corresponds with [v] in other dialects. See Romanian phonology |
Sardinian | Nuorese dialect | súghere | [ˈsuɣɛrɛ] | 'to suck' | |
Sindhi | غم | [ɣəmʊ] | 'sadness' | ||
Swahili | ghali | [ɣali] | 'expensive' | ||
Tadaksahak | ? | [zoɣ] | 'war' | ||
Tagalog | igriega | [iːˈɡrɪjɛɣɑ] | 'letter y' | See Tagalog phonology | |
Tajik | ғафс | [ɣafs] | 'thick' | ||
Tiwi | ngaga | [ˈŋaɣa] | 'we (inclusive)' | ||
Turkish | ağa | [aɣa] | 'agha' | Certain dialects. See Turkish phonology | |
Tutchone | Northern | ihghú | [ihɣǔ] | 'tooth' | |
Southern | ghra | [ɣra] | 'baby' | ||
Urdu | غریب | [ɣəriːb] | 'poor' | See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
Vietnamese[8] | ghế | [ɣe˧ˀ˥] | 'chair' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
Yi | ꊋ/we | [ɣɤ˧] | 'win' |
References[]
- ↑ Wheeler (2005:10)
- ↑ Pieter van Reenen; Nanette Huijs (2000). "De harde en de zachte g, de spelling gh versus g voor voorklinker in het veertiende-eeuwse Middelnederlands." (in Dutch). Taal en Tongval, 52(Thema nr.), 159-181. http://www.meertens.knaw.nl/taalentongval/artikelen/Reenen_Huijs.pdf. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
- ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ↑ Okada (1991:95)
- ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:92)
- ↑ Mateus & d'Andrade (2000:11)
- ↑ Barbosa & Albano (2004:228)
- ↑ Thompson (1959:458-461)
- Barbosa, Plínio A. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 227–232
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94
- Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000), The Phonology of Portuguese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823581-X
- Okada, Hideo (1991), "Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21 (2): 94–97
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Vakhtang, Chikovani (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255–264
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, http://jstor.org/stable/411232
- Wheeler, Max W (2005), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0199258147
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